IS THERE LIFE ON TITAN?

http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/titan20100603.html

What is Consuming Hydrogen and Acetylene on Titan?
06.03.10
PASADENA, Calif. - Two new papers based on data from NASA's Cassini spacecraft scrutinize the complex chemical activity on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan. While non-biological chemistry offers one possible explanation, some scientists believe these chemical signatures bolster the argument for a primitive, exotic form of life or precursor to life on Titan's surface. According to one theory put forth by astrobiologists, the signatures fulfill two important conditions necessary for a hypothesized "methane-based life."

One key finding comes from a paper online now in the journal Icarus that shows hydrogen molecules flowing down through Titan's atmosphere and disappearing at the surface. Another paper online now in the Journal of
Geophysical Research maps hydrocarbons on the Titan surface and finds a lack of acetylene.

This lack of acetylene is important because that chemical would likely be the best energy source for a methane-based life on Titan, said Chris McKay, an astrobiologist at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif., who proposed a set of conditions necessary for this kind of methane-based life on Titan in 2005. One interpretation of the acetylene data is that the hydrocarbon is being consumed as food. But McKay said the flow of hydrogen is even more critical because all of their proposed mechanisms involved the consumption of hydrogen.

"We suggested hydrogen consumption because it's the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan, similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth," McKay said. "If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth."

To date, methane-based life forms are only hypothetical. Scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere, though there are liquid-water-based microbes on Earth that thrive on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin (minus 290 degrees Fahrenheit), a methane-based organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titan's surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.

The list of liquid candidates is very short: liquid methane and related molecules like ethane. While liquid water is widely regarded as necessary for life, there has been extensive speculation published in the scientific literature that this is not a strict requirement. The new hydrogen findings are consistent with conditions that could produce
an exotic, methane-based life form, but do not definitively prove its existence, said Darrell Strobel, a Cassini interdisciplinary scientist based at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md., who authored the paper on
hydrogen.

Strobel, who studies the upper atmospheres of Saturn and Titan, analyzed data from Cassini's composite infrared spectrometer and ion and neutral mass spectrometer in his new paper. The paper describes densities of hydrogen in different parts of the atmosphere and the surface. Previous models had predicted that hydrogen molecules, a byproduct of ultraviolet sunlight breaking apart acetylene and methane molecules in the upper atmosphere,
should be distributed fairly evenly throughout the atmospheric layers.

Strobel found a disparity in the hydrogen densities that lead to a flow down to the surface at a rate of about 10,000 trillion trillion hydrogen molecules per second. This is about the same rate at which the molecules
escape out of the upper atmosphere.

"It's as if you have a hose and you're squirting hydrogen onto the ground, but it's disappearing," Strobel said. "I didn't expect this result, because molecular hydrogen is extremely chemically inert in the atmosphere, very light and buoyant. It should 'float' to the top of the atmosphere and escape."

Strobel said it is not likely that hydrogen is being stored in a cave or underground space on Titan. The Titan surface is also so cold that a chemical process that involved a catalyst would be needed to convert hydrogen molecules and acetylene back to methane, even though overall there would be a net release of energy. The energy barrier could be overcome if there were an unknown mineral acting as the catalyst on Titan's surface.

The hydrocarbon mapping research, led by Roger Clark, a Cassini team scientist based at the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver, examines data from Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer. Scientists had expected the sun's interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce acetylene that falls down to coat the Titan surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.

In addition Cassini's spectrometer detected an absence of water ice on the Titan surface, but loads of benzene and another material, which appears to be an organic compound that scientists have not yet been able to identify.
The findings lead scientists to believe that the organic compounds are shellacking over the water ice that makes up Titan's bedrock with a film of hydrocarbons at least a few millimeters to centimeters thick, but possibly
much deeper in some places. The ice remains covered up even as liquid methane and ethane flow all over Titan's surface and fill up lakes and seas much as liquid water does on Earth.

"Titan's atmospheric chemistry is cranking out organic compounds that rain down on the surface so fast that even as streams of liquid methane and ethane at the surface wash the organics off, the ice gets quickly covered
again," Clark said. "All that implies Titan is a dynamic place where organic chemistry is happening now."

The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan surface can very well have a non-biological explanation, said Mark Allen, principal investigator with the NASA Astrobiology Institute Titan team. Allen is based at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. Allen said one possibility is that sunlight or cosmic rays are transforming the acetylene in icy aerosols in the atmosphere into more complex molecules that would fall to the ground with no acetylene signature.

"Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed," Allen said. "We have a lot of work to do to rule out possible non-biological
explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process, without biology, can explain these results - for example, reactions involving mineral catalysts."

"These new results are surprising and exciting," said Linda Spilker, Cassini project scientist at JPL. "Cassini has many more flybys of Titan that might help us sort out just what is happening at the surface."

The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL.

For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit
http://www.nasa.gov/cassini and http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov.

Saturn's Moon May Hide Watery Caverns - And Life?

http://planetark.org/wen/53496

(Picture) A handout image shows Enceladus from the Cassini spacecraft.Photo: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute/Handout

Saturn's Moon May Hide Watery Caverns - And Life?
Date: 25-Jun-09
Country: UK
Author: Ben Hirschler

LONDON - Saturn's icy moon Enceladus could contain watery underground
caverns, forming a potential home for alien life, scientists said on
Wednesday.

German researchers have found salt -- a signature chemical for
seawater -- in ice grains from vapor jets streaming out of surface
cracks, providing the strongest evidence yet of a liquid water
reservoir beneath the moon's frozen crust.

A U.S. team said the amount of salt they had detected using a
different method suggested an earlier theory that water was boiling
explosively into the vacuum of space via geysers was wrong, and
evaporation was occurring quite slowly.

Both studies were published in the journal Nature.

One explanation for the slower evaporation may be that water is
emerging from pressurized chambers below the so-called tiger stripe
fractures in the moon's surface, said John Spencer of the Southwest
Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado.

"Our picture of its sub-surface must now be expanded to include the
possibility of misty ice caverns floored with pools and channels of
salty water, lurking beneath the tiger stripes," he wrote in a
commentary on the two scientific papers.

"What else may lurk in those salty pools, if they exist, remains to
be seen."

The Cassini spacecraft first discovered huge plumes erupting from
fissures near the south pole of Enceladus in 2005, sparking
speculation of a vast underground ocean spewing vapor through giant
Yellowstone-like geysers.

Since then, scientists have debated whether this meant that Enceladus
(pronounced en-SELL-ah-dus), with a diameter of only 310 miles, was
hiding a reservoir of liquid water. It is one of about 60 moons of
the ringed planet Saturn.

Frank Postberg of the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in
Heidelberg said the presence of sodium salts was compelling evidence,
indicating salty minerals were washed out from rock on Enceladus in
the same way oceans absorb salt on Earth.

He and colleagues reported they had found salty grains of ice after
analyzing data from Cassini's cosmic dust detector as it flew through
Saturn's outermost ring, where Enceladus orbits.

Whether or not Enceladus harbors life remains a mystery. But the
evidence of liquid water, coupled with heat near the moon's South
Pole, suggests it is possible.

"If you have this large amount of water in contact with a rocky core
and you have heat, then you have very good conditions," Postberg said
in a telephone interview.

"On top of that we measured a slightly alkaline pH value, which is
very good for the formation of complex organic molecules."

Scientists hope to find out more when Cassini makes two more close
fly-bys of Enceladus in November.