The Giant, Prehistoric Squid That Ate Common Sense

We have a serious problem with science journalism. A big one, in fact, and today that problem takes the form of a giant, prehistoric squid with tentacles so formidable that it has sucked the brains right out of staff writers’ heads.

While making the rounds among a few California museums late last month, I kept hearing rumors of a bombastic, super-hyped presentation due to be presented at this year’s Geological Society of America meeting in Minneapolis. The scuttlebutt was that someone was going to give a talk about a super-intelligent, predatory squid which fed on huge ichthyosaurs during the Triassic. Fascinating, if true, but the reason that all the paleontologists I met were chuckling was because there was not a shred of actual evidence to back up the claims. Apparently, whoever was set to give the talk had apparently stayed up late watching It Came From Beneath the Sea too many times.

Now the talk has officially been given and the scant details of the proposition have been oozed out into the newswires by way of a press release. Let me be clear — there is no paper yet or anything specific for those not in attendance at GSA to look at. This fact will be key to the media nonsense which has been swirling around the web today.

You can find the skinny through ScienceDaily and the official GSA abstract, but the basic story is as follows. In central Nevada — among the roughly 215 million-year-old, Late Triassic rocks of what has come to be known as Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park — paleontologists have previously found the remains of numerous marine reptiles called Shonisaurus popularis. These were some of the largest ichthyosaurs to have ever swum the ancient seas, and this particular site has been of interest to paleontologists because multiple individuals have been found together at some localities. Why these individuals were found together in a mass death assemblage is unknown — explanations have ranged from stranding to poisoning by a prehistoric red tide — but now Mark McMenamin and wife Dianna Schulte-McMenamin of Mount Holyoke College have suggested that the graveyard is actually a cache of bones collected and arranged by a squid the likes of which has never been seen.

There is no direct evidence for the existence of the animal the McMenamins call “the kraken.” No exceptionally preserved body, no fossilized tentacle hooks, no beak — nothing. The McMenamins’ entire case is based on peculiar inferences about the site. It is a case of reading the scattered bones as if they were tea leaves able to tell someone’s fortune. Rather than being distributed through the bonebed by natural processes related to decay and preservation, the McMenamins argue that the Shonisaurus bones were intentionally arrayed in a “midden” by a huge cephalopod nearly 100 feet long. (How the length of the imaginary animal was estimated is anyone’s guess.) But that’s not all — the McMenamins speculate that his “kraken” played with its food:

The proposed Triassic kraken, which could have been the most intelligent invertebrate ever, arranged the vertebral discs in biserial patterns, with individual pieces nesting in a fitted fashion as if they were part of a puzzle. The arranged vertebrae resemble the pattern of sucker discs on a cephalopod tentacle, with each amphicoelous vertebra strongly resembling a coleoid sucker. Thus the tessellated vertebral disc pavement may represent the earliest known self‑portrait.

I guess a giant, ichthyosaur-eating “kraken” wasn’t enough. A squid with a stroke of artistic genius was clearly the simplest explanation for the formation of the bonebeds. *facepalm*

Of course, the McMenamins were not the first people to ponder how the ichthyosaurs came to rest at the site. Paleontologist David Bottjer wrote a summary of the bonebed — largely based on the work of colleague Jennifer Hogler – for the book Exceptional Fossil Preservation. As a whole, the fossil deposits indicate that different Shonisaurus specimens died and became preserved in different ways. Some skeletons were scattered by currents and scavengers, and other, more-complete individuals — such as those at the Fossil House Quarry — were well preserved and found in multi-individual groups. In this latter case, a lack of encrusting invertebrates would seem to indicate that the skeletons came to be preserved in deep water environments with low levels of dissolved oxygen. The initial cause of death for the marine reptiles is unknown, but there is no good evidence that the exceptional sites were, to borrow from Ringo Starr, giant killer octopus gardens.

Read on...

Triassic 'Kraken' may have created self-portrait

Back in the Triassic, giant octopi were killing and eating ichthyosaurs - and arranging their bones in pretty patterns, says a Mount Holyoke College paleontologist.

The remains of nine 45-foot Shonisaurus popularis were discovered more than 50 years ago, at the at Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park in Nevada, and have been puzzling paleontologists ever since.

The assumption has always been that the fossils probably represented death by an accidental stranding or from a toxic plankton bloom - but recent research has cast doubt on this theory by suggesting that the creatures died in deep water.

And, says Mark McMenamin, the strangeness doesn't end there.

"It became very clear that something very odd was going on there," he says. "It was a very odd configuration of bones."

First of all, the different degrees of etching on the bones suggested that the Shonisaurus weren't all killed and buried at the same time. Even more weirdly, it appeared that the bones had been purposefully rearranged, with some of the shonisaur vertebral disks organised in curious linear patterns with almost geometric regularity.

And, says McMenamin, there is one modern predator that does exactly this - the octopus. He suggests that the remains may indicate the existence of a giant octopus, similar to the Kraken of kegend.

"I think that these things were captured by the kraken and taken to the midden and the cephalopod would take them apart," he says.

Octopi are better fighters than one might imagine - there's a YouTube video of one taking out a shark at the Seattle Aquarium, here.

"We think that this cephalopod in the Triassic was doing the same thing," says McMenamin. "It was either drowning them or breaking their necks."

As for the arrangement of vertebrae, McMenamin has a pretty way-out explanation. He suggests that the patterns may represent the earliest self-portrait ever discovered.

The arranged vertebrae resemble the pattern of sucker discs on a cephalopod tentacle, he says, with each bone representing a coleoid sucker.

Unfortunately, though, it's a hypothesis that will be hard to back up. Octopuses are mostly soft-bodied and don't fossilize well. Only their beaks are hard, and the odds of these being preserved nearby are very low.

But, says McMenamin, "We're ready for this. We have a very good case."

<http://www.tgdaily.com/general-sciences-features/58953-triassic-kraken-may-have-created-self-portrait>